LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - Python - traceback.c (source / functions) Hit Total Coverage
Test: CPython lcov report Lines: 517 630 82.1 %
Date: 2022-07-07 18:19:46 Functions: 34 34 100.0 %

          Line data    Source code
       1             : 
       2             : /* Traceback implementation */
       3             : 
       4             : #include "Python.h"
       5             : 
       6             : #include "pycore_ast.h"           // asdl_seq_*
       7             : #include "pycore_call.h"          // _PyObject_CallMethodFormat()
       8             : #include "pycore_compile.h"       // _PyAST_Optimize
       9             : #include "pycore_fileutils.h"     // _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      10             : #include "pycore_frame.h"         // _PyFrame_GetCode()
      11             : #include "pycore_interp.h"        // PyInterpreterState.gc
      12             : #include "pycore_parser.h"        // _PyParser_ASTFromString
      13             : #include "pycore_pyarena.h"       // _PyArena_Free()
      14             : #include "pycore_pyerrors.h"      // _PyErr_Fetch()
      15             : #include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _PyThreadState_GET()
      16             : #include "pycore_traceback.h"     // EXCEPTION_TB_HEADER
      17             : 
      18             : #include "../Parser/pegen.h"      // _PyPegen_byte_offset_to_character_offset()
      19             : #include "frameobject.h"          // PyFrame_New()
      20             : #include "structmember.h"         // PyMemberDef
      21             : #include "osdefs.h"               // SEP
      22             : #ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
      23             : #  include <fcntl.h>
      24             : #endif
      25             : 
      26             : #define OFF(x) offsetof(PyTracebackObject, x)
      27             : 
      28             : #define PUTS(fd, str) _Py_write_noraise(fd, str, (int)strlen(str))
      29             : #define MAX_STRING_LENGTH 500
      30             : #define MAX_FRAME_DEPTH 100
      31             : #define MAX_NTHREADS 100
      32             : 
      33             : /* Function from Parser/tokenizer.c */
      34             : extern char* _PyTokenizer_FindEncodingFilename(int, PyObject *);
      35             : 
      36             : /*[clinic input]
      37             : class TracebackType "PyTracebackObject *" "&PyTraceback_Type"
      38             : [clinic start generated code]*/
      39             : /*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=928fa06c10151120]*/
      40             : 
      41             : #include "clinic/traceback.c.h"
      42             : 
      43             : static PyObject *
      44     6344410 : tb_create_raw(PyTracebackObject *next, PyFrameObject *frame, int lasti,
      45             :               int lineno)
      46             : {
      47             :     PyTracebackObject *tb;
      48     6344410 :     if ((next != NULL && !PyTraceBack_Check(next)) ||
      49     6344410 :                     frame == NULL || !PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
      50           0 :         PyErr_BadInternalCall();
      51           0 :         return NULL;
      52             :     }
      53     6344410 :     tb = PyObject_GC_New(PyTracebackObject, &PyTraceBack_Type);
      54     6344410 :     if (tb != NULL) {
      55     6344410 :         Py_XINCREF(next);
      56     6344410 :         tb->tb_next = next;
      57     6344410 :         Py_XINCREF(frame);
      58     6344410 :         tb->tb_frame = frame;
      59     6344410 :         tb->tb_lasti = lasti;
      60     6344410 :         tb->tb_lineno = lineno;
      61     6344410 :         PyObject_GC_Track(tb);
      62             :     }
      63     6344410 :     return (PyObject *)tb;
      64             : }
      65             : 
      66             : /*[clinic input]
      67             : @classmethod
      68             : TracebackType.__new__ as tb_new
      69             : 
      70             :   tb_next: object
      71             :   tb_frame: object(type='PyFrameObject *', subclass_of='&PyFrame_Type')
      72             :   tb_lasti: int
      73             :   tb_lineno: int
      74             : 
      75             : Create a new traceback object.
      76             : [clinic start generated code]*/
      77             : 
      78             : static PyObject *
      79           5 : tb_new_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *tb_next, PyFrameObject *tb_frame,
      80             :             int tb_lasti, int tb_lineno)
      81             : /*[clinic end generated code: output=fa077debd72d861a input=01cbe8ec8783fca7]*/
      82             : {
      83           5 :     if (tb_next == Py_None) {
      84           3 :         tb_next = NULL;
      85           2 :     } else if (!PyTraceBack_Check(tb_next)) {
      86           1 :         return PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
      87             :                             "expected traceback object or None, got '%s'",
      88           1 :                             Py_TYPE(tb_next)->tp_name);
      89             :     }
      90             : 
      91           4 :     return tb_create_raw((PyTracebackObject *)tb_next, tb_frame, tb_lasti,
      92             :                          tb_lineno);
      93             : }
      94             : 
      95             : static PyObject *
      96           1 : tb_dir(PyTracebackObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
      97             : {
      98           1 :     return Py_BuildValue("[ssss]", "tb_frame", "tb_next",
      99             :                                    "tb_lasti", "tb_lineno");
     100             : }
     101             : 
     102             : static PyObject *
     103      269092 : tb_next_get(PyTracebackObject *self, void *Py_UNUSED(_))
     104             : {
     105      269092 :     PyObject* ret = (PyObject*)self->tb_next;
     106      269092 :     if (!ret) {
     107      190627 :         ret = Py_None;
     108             :     }
     109      269092 :     Py_INCREF(ret);
     110      269092 :     return ret;
     111             : }
     112             : 
     113             : static int
     114         202 : tb_next_set(PyTracebackObject *self, PyObject *new_next, void *Py_UNUSED(_))
     115             : {
     116         202 :     if (!new_next) {
     117           1 :         PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "can't delete tb_next attribute");
     118           1 :         return -1;
     119             :     }
     120             : 
     121             :     /* We accept None or a traceback object, and map None -> NULL (inverse of
     122             :        tb_next_get) */
     123         201 :     if (new_next == Py_None) {
     124         197 :         new_next = NULL;
     125           4 :     } else if (!PyTraceBack_Check(new_next)) {
     126           1 :         PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
     127             :                      "expected traceback object, got '%s'",
     128           1 :                      Py_TYPE(new_next)->tp_name);
     129           1 :         return -1;
     130             :     }
     131             : 
     132             :     /* Check for loops */
     133         200 :     PyTracebackObject *cursor = (PyTracebackObject *)new_next;
     134         202 :     while (cursor) {
     135           4 :         if (cursor == self) {
     136           2 :             PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "traceback loop detected");
     137           2 :             return -1;
     138             :         }
     139           2 :         cursor = cursor->tb_next;
     140             :     }
     141             : 
     142         198 :     PyObject *old_next = (PyObject*)self->tb_next;
     143         198 :     Py_XINCREF(new_next);
     144         198 :     self->tb_next = (PyTracebackObject *)new_next;
     145         198 :     Py_XDECREF(old_next);
     146             : 
     147         198 :     return 0;
     148             : }
     149             : 
     150             : 
     151             : static PyMethodDef tb_methods[] = {
     152             :    {"__dir__", _PyCFunction_CAST(tb_dir), METH_NOARGS},
     153             :    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL},
     154             : };
     155             : 
     156             : static PyMemberDef tb_memberlist[] = {
     157             :     {"tb_frame",        T_OBJECT,       OFF(tb_frame),  READONLY|PY_AUDIT_READ},
     158             :     {"tb_lasti",        T_INT,          OFF(tb_lasti),  READONLY},
     159             :     {"tb_lineno",       T_INT,          OFF(tb_lineno), READONLY},
     160             :     {NULL}      /* Sentinel */
     161             : };
     162             : 
     163             : static PyGetSetDef tb_getsetters[] = {
     164             :     {"tb_next", (getter)tb_next_get, (setter)tb_next_set, NULL, NULL},
     165             :     {NULL}      /* Sentinel */
     166             : };
     167             : 
     168             : static void
     169     6345110 : tb_dealloc(PyTracebackObject *tb)
     170             : {
     171     6345110 :     PyObject_GC_UnTrack(tb);
     172     6345110 :     Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(tb, tb_dealloc)
     173     6344380 :     Py_XDECREF(tb->tb_next);
     174     6344380 :     Py_XDECREF(tb->tb_frame);
     175     6344380 :     PyObject_GC_Del(tb);
     176     6344380 :     Py_TRASHCAN_END
     177     6345110 : }
     178             : 
     179             : static int
     180     6500760 : tb_traverse(PyTracebackObject *tb, visitproc visit, void *arg)
     181             : {
     182     6500760 :     Py_VISIT(tb->tb_next);
     183     6500760 :     Py_VISIT(tb->tb_frame);
     184     6500760 :     return 0;
     185             : }
     186             : 
     187             : static int
     188         923 : tb_clear(PyTracebackObject *tb)
     189             : {
     190         923 :     Py_CLEAR(tb->tb_next);
     191         923 :     Py_CLEAR(tb->tb_frame);
     192         923 :     return 0;
     193             : }
     194             : 
     195             : PyTypeObject PyTraceBack_Type = {
     196             :     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
     197             :     "traceback",
     198             :     sizeof(PyTracebackObject),
     199             :     0,
     200             :     (destructor)tb_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
     201             :     0,                  /*tp_vectorcall_offset*/
     202             :     0,    /*tp_getattr*/
     203             :     0,                  /*tp_setattr*/
     204             :     0,                  /*tp_as_async*/
     205             :     0,                  /*tp_repr*/
     206             :     0,                  /*tp_as_number*/
     207             :     0,                  /*tp_as_sequence*/
     208             :     0,                  /*tp_as_mapping*/
     209             :     0,                  /* tp_hash */
     210             :     0,                  /* tp_call */
     211             :     0,                  /* tp_str */
     212             :     PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                    /* tp_getattro */
     213             :     0,                  /* tp_setattro */
     214             :     0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
     215             :     Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,/* tp_flags */
     216             :     tb_new__doc__,                              /* tp_doc */
     217             :     (traverseproc)tb_traverse,                  /* tp_traverse */
     218             :     (inquiry)tb_clear,                          /* tp_clear */
     219             :     0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
     220             :     0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
     221             :     0,                                          /* tp_iter */
     222             :     0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
     223             :     tb_methods,         /* tp_methods */
     224             :     tb_memberlist,      /* tp_members */
     225             :     tb_getsetters,                              /* tp_getset */
     226             :     0,                                          /* tp_base */
     227             :     0,                                          /* tp_dict */
     228             :     0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
     229             :     0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
     230             :     0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
     231             :     0,                                          /* tp_init */
     232             :     0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
     233             :     tb_new,                                     /* tp_new */
     234             : };
     235             : 
     236             : 
     237             : PyObject*
     238     6344400 : _PyTraceBack_FromFrame(PyObject *tb_next, PyFrameObject *frame)
     239             : {
     240     6344400 :     assert(tb_next == NULL || PyTraceBack_Check(tb_next));
     241     6344400 :     assert(frame != NULL);
     242     6344400 :     int addr = _PyInterpreterFrame_LASTI(frame->f_frame) * sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT);
     243     6344400 :     return tb_create_raw((PyTracebackObject *)tb_next, frame, addr,
     244             :                          PyFrame_GetLineNumber(frame));
     245             : }
     246             : 
     247             : 
     248             : int
     249     6344350 : PyTraceBack_Here(PyFrameObject *frame)
     250             : {
     251             :     PyObject *exc, *val, *tb, *newtb;
     252     6344350 :     PyErr_Fetch(&exc, &val, &tb);
     253     6344350 :     newtb = _PyTraceBack_FromFrame(tb, frame);
     254     6344350 :     if (newtb == NULL) {
     255           0 :         _PyErr_ChainExceptions(exc, val, tb);
     256           0 :         return -1;
     257             :     }
     258     6344350 :     PyErr_Restore(exc, val, newtb);
     259     6344350 :     Py_XDECREF(tb);
     260     6344350 :     return 0;
     261             : }
     262             : 
     263             : /* Insert a frame into the traceback for (funcname, filename, lineno). */
     264          30 : void _PyTraceback_Add(const char *funcname, const char *filename, int lineno)
     265             : {
     266             :     PyObject *globals;
     267             :     PyCodeObject *code;
     268             :     PyFrameObject *frame;
     269             :     PyObject *exc, *val, *tb;
     270          30 :     PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
     271             : 
     272             :     /* Save and clear the current exception. Python functions must not be
     273             :        called with an exception set. Calling Python functions happens when
     274             :        the codec of the filesystem encoding is implemented in pure Python. */
     275          30 :     _PyErr_Fetch(tstate, &exc, &val, &tb);
     276             : 
     277          30 :     globals = PyDict_New();
     278          30 :     if (!globals)
     279           0 :         goto error;
     280          30 :     code = PyCode_NewEmpty(filename, funcname, lineno);
     281          30 :     if (!code) {
     282           0 :         Py_DECREF(globals);
     283           0 :         goto error;
     284             :     }
     285          30 :     frame = PyFrame_New(tstate, code, globals, NULL);
     286          30 :     Py_DECREF(globals);
     287          30 :     Py_DECREF(code);
     288          30 :     if (!frame)
     289           0 :         goto error;
     290          30 :     frame->f_lineno = lineno;
     291             : 
     292          30 :     _PyErr_Restore(tstate, exc, val, tb);
     293          30 :     PyTraceBack_Here(frame);
     294          30 :     Py_DECREF(frame);
     295          30 :     return;
     296             : 
     297           0 : error:
     298           0 :     _PyErr_ChainExceptions(exc, val, tb);
     299             : }
     300             : 
     301             : static PyObject *
     302          48 : _Py_FindSourceFile(PyObject *filename, char* namebuf, size_t namelen, PyObject *io)
     303             : {
     304             :     Py_ssize_t i;
     305             :     PyObject *binary;
     306             :     PyObject *v;
     307             :     Py_ssize_t npath;
     308             :     size_t taillen;
     309             :     PyObject *syspath;
     310             :     PyObject *path;
     311             :     const char* tail;
     312             :     PyObject *filebytes;
     313             :     const char* filepath;
     314             :     Py_ssize_t len;
     315             :     PyObject* result;
     316          48 :     PyObject *open = NULL;
     317             : 
     318          48 :     filebytes = PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(filename);
     319          48 :     if (filebytes == NULL) {
     320           0 :         PyErr_Clear();
     321           0 :         return NULL;
     322             :     }
     323          48 :     filepath = PyBytes_AS_STRING(filebytes);
     324             : 
     325             :     /* Search tail of filename in sys.path before giving up */
     326          48 :     tail = strrchr(filepath, SEP);
     327          48 :     if (tail == NULL)
     328           8 :         tail = filepath;
     329             :     else
     330          40 :         tail++;
     331          48 :     taillen = strlen(tail);
     332             : 
     333          48 :     PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
     334          48 :     syspath = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &_Py_ID(path));
     335          48 :     if (syspath == NULL || !PyList_Check(syspath))
     336           0 :         goto error;
     337          48 :     npath = PyList_Size(syspath);
     338             : 
     339          48 :     open = PyObject_GetAttr(io, &_Py_ID(open));
     340         212 :     for (i = 0; i < npath; i++) {
     341         164 :         v = PyList_GetItem(syspath, i);
     342         164 :         if (v == NULL) {
     343           0 :             PyErr_Clear();
     344           0 :             break;
     345             :         }
     346         164 :         if (!PyUnicode_Check(v))
     347           0 :             continue;
     348         164 :         path = PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(v);
     349         164 :         if (path == NULL) {
     350           0 :             PyErr_Clear();
     351           0 :             continue;
     352             :         }
     353         164 :         len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(path);
     354         164 :         if (len + 1 + (Py_ssize_t)taillen >= (Py_ssize_t)namelen - 1) {
     355           0 :             Py_DECREF(path);
     356           0 :             continue; /* Too long */
     357             :         }
     358         164 :         strcpy(namebuf, PyBytes_AS_STRING(path));
     359         164 :         Py_DECREF(path);
     360         164 :         if (strlen(namebuf) != (size_t)len)
     361           0 :             continue; /* v contains '\0' */
     362         164 :         if (len > 0 && namebuf[len-1] != SEP)
     363         164 :             namebuf[len++] = SEP;
     364         164 :         strcpy(namebuf+len, tail);
     365             : 
     366         164 :         binary = _PyObject_CallMethodFormat(tstate, open, "ss", namebuf, "rb");
     367         164 :         if (binary != NULL) {
     368           0 :             result = binary;
     369           0 :             goto finally;
     370             :         }
     371         164 :         PyErr_Clear();
     372             :     }
     373          48 :     goto error;
     374             : 
     375          48 : error:
     376          48 :     result = NULL;
     377          48 : finally:
     378          48 :     Py_XDECREF(open);
     379          48 :     Py_DECREF(filebytes);
     380          48 :     return result;
     381             : }
     382             : 
     383             : /* Writes indent spaces. Returns 0 on success and non-zero on failure.
     384             :  */
     385             : int
     386        3105 : _Py_WriteIndent(int indent, PyObject *f)
     387             : {
     388        3105 :     char buf[11] = "          ";
     389        3105 :     assert(strlen(buf) == 10);
     390        3913 :     while (indent > 0) {
     391         808 :         if (indent < 10) {
     392         733 :             buf[indent] = '\0';
     393             :         }
     394         808 :         if (PyFile_WriteString(buf, f) < 0) {
     395           0 :             return -1;
     396             :         }
     397         808 :         indent -= 10;
     398             :     }
     399        3105 :     return 0;
     400             : }
     401             : 
     402             : /* Writes indent spaces, followed by the margin if it is not `\0`.
     403             :    Returns 0 on success and non-zero on failure.
     404             :  */
     405             : int
     406        2530 : _Py_WriteIndentedMargin(int indent, const char *margin, PyObject *f)
     407             : {
     408        2530 :     if (_Py_WriteIndent(indent, f) < 0) {
     409           0 :         return -1;
     410             :     }
     411        2530 :     if (margin) {
     412        2392 :         if (PyFile_WriteString(margin, f) < 0) {
     413          33 :             return -1;
     414             :         }
     415             :     }
     416        2497 :     return 0;
     417             : }
     418             : 
     419             : static int
     420         646 : display_source_line_with_margin(PyObject *f, PyObject *filename, int lineno, int indent,
     421             :                                 int margin_indent, const char *margin,
     422             :                                 int *truncation, PyObject **line)
     423             : {
     424             :     int fd;
     425             :     int i;
     426             :     char *found_encoding;
     427             :     const char *encoding;
     428             :     PyObject *io;
     429             :     PyObject *binary;
     430         646 :     PyObject *fob = NULL;
     431         646 :     PyObject *lineobj = NULL;
     432             :     PyObject *res;
     433             :     char buf[MAXPATHLEN+1];
     434             :     int kind;
     435             :     const void *data;
     436             : 
     437             :     /* open the file */
     438         646 :     if (filename == NULL)
     439           0 :         return 0;
     440             : 
     441             :     /* Do not attempt to open things like <string> or <stdin> */
     442         646 :     assert(PyUnicode_Check(filename));
     443         646 :     if (PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(filename, 0) == '<') {
     444         129 :         Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(filename);
     445         129 :         if (len > 0 && PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(filename, len - 1) == '>') {
     446         113 :             return 0;
     447             :         }
     448             :     }
     449             : 
     450         533 :     io = PyImport_ImportModule("io");
     451         533 :     if (io == NULL) {
     452           9 :         return -1;
     453             :     }
     454             : 
     455         524 :     binary = _PyObject_CallMethod(io, &_Py_ID(open), "Os", filename, "rb");
     456         524 :     if (binary == NULL) {
     457          48 :         PyErr_Clear();
     458             : 
     459          48 :         binary = _Py_FindSourceFile(filename, buf, sizeof(buf), io);
     460          48 :         if (binary == NULL) {
     461          48 :             Py_DECREF(io);
     462          48 :             return -1;
     463             :         }
     464             :     }
     465             : 
     466             :     /* use the right encoding to decode the file as unicode */
     467         476 :     fd = PyObject_AsFileDescriptor(binary);
     468         476 :     if (fd < 0) {
     469           0 :         Py_DECREF(io);
     470           0 :         Py_DECREF(binary);
     471           0 :         return 0;
     472             :     }
     473         476 :     found_encoding = _PyTokenizer_FindEncodingFilename(fd, filename);
     474         476 :     if (found_encoding == NULL)
     475         464 :         PyErr_Clear();
     476         476 :     encoding = (found_encoding != NULL) ? found_encoding : "utf-8";
     477             :     /* Reset position */
     478         476 :     if (lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1) {
     479           0 :         Py_DECREF(io);
     480           0 :         Py_DECREF(binary);
     481           0 :         PyMem_Free(found_encoding);
     482           0 :         return 0;
     483             :     }
     484         476 :     fob = _PyObject_CallMethod(io, &_Py_ID(TextIOWrapper),
     485             :                                "Os", binary, encoding);
     486         476 :     Py_DECREF(io);
     487         476 :     PyMem_Free(found_encoding);
     488             : 
     489         476 :     if (fob == NULL) {
     490           1 :         PyErr_Clear();
     491             : 
     492           1 :         res = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(binary, &_Py_ID(close));
     493           1 :         Py_DECREF(binary);
     494           1 :         if (res)
     495           0 :             Py_DECREF(res);
     496             :         else
     497           1 :             PyErr_Clear();
     498           1 :         return 0;
     499             :     }
     500         475 :     Py_DECREF(binary);
     501             : 
     502             :     /* get the line number lineno */
     503      456277 :     for (i = 0; i < lineno; i++) {
     504      455802 :         Py_XDECREF(lineobj);
     505      455802 :         lineobj = PyFile_GetLine(fob, -1);
     506      455802 :         if (!lineobj) {
     507           0 :             PyErr_Clear();
     508           0 :             break;
     509             :         }
     510             :     }
     511         475 :     res = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(fob, &_Py_ID(close));
     512         475 :     if (res) {
     513         474 :         Py_DECREF(res);
     514             :     }
     515             :     else {
     516           1 :         PyErr_Clear();
     517             :     }
     518         475 :     Py_DECREF(fob);
     519         475 :     if (!lineobj || !PyUnicode_Check(lineobj)) {
     520           0 :         Py_XDECREF(lineobj);
     521           0 :         return -1;
     522             :     }
     523             : 
     524         475 :     if (line) {
     525         474 :         Py_INCREF(lineobj);
     526         474 :         *line = lineobj;
     527             :     }
     528             : 
     529             :     /* remove the indentation of the line */
     530         475 :     kind = PyUnicode_KIND(lineobj);
     531         475 :     data = PyUnicode_DATA(lineobj);
     532        6005 :     for (i=0; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(lineobj); i++) {
     533        6005 :         Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
     534        6005 :         if (ch != ' ' && ch != '\t' && ch != '\014')
     535         475 :             break;
     536             :     }
     537         475 :     if (i) {
     538             :         PyObject *truncated;
     539         456 :         truncated = PyUnicode_Substring(lineobj, i, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(lineobj));
     540         456 :         if (truncated) {
     541         456 :             Py_DECREF(lineobj);
     542         456 :             lineobj = truncated;
     543             :         } else {
     544           0 :             PyErr_Clear();
     545             :         }
     546             :     }
     547             : 
     548         475 :     if (truncation != NULL) {
     549         474 :         *truncation = i - indent;
     550             :     }
     551             : 
     552         475 :     if (_Py_WriteIndentedMargin(margin_indent, margin, f) < 0) {
     553           0 :         goto error;
     554             :     }
     555             : 
     556             :     /* Write some spaces before the line */
     557         475 :     if (_Py_WriteIndent(indent, f) < 0) {
     558           0 :         goto error;
     559             :     }
     560             : 
     561             :     /* finally display the line */
     562         475 :     if (PyFile_WriteObject(lineobj, f, Py_PRINT_RAW) < 0) {
     563           0 :         goto error;
     564             :     }
     565             : 
     566         475 :     if (PyFile_WriteString("\n", f) < 0) {
     567           0 :         goto error;
     568             :     }
     569             : 
     570         475 :     Py_DECREF(lineobj);
     571         475 :     return 0;
     572           0 : error:
     573           0 :     Py_DECREF(lineobj);
     574           0 :     return -1;
     575             : }
     576             : 
     577             : int
     578          11 : _Py_DisplaySourceLine(PyObject *f, PyObject *filename, int lineno, int indent,
     579             :                       int *truncation, PyObject **line)
     580             : {
     581          11 :     return display_source_line_with_margin(f, filename, lineno, indent, 0,
     582             :                                            NULL, truncation, line);
     583             : }
     584             : 
     585             : /* AST based Traceback Specialization
     586             :  *
     587             :  * When displaying a new traceback line, for certain syntactical constructs
     588             :  * (e.g a subscript, an arithmetic operation) we try to create a representation
     589             :  * that separates the primary source of error from the rest.
     590             :  *
     591             :  * Example specialization of BinOp nodes:
     592             :  *  Traceback (most recent call last):
     593             :  *    File "/home/isidentical/cpython/cpython/t.py", line 10, in <module>
     594             :  *      add_values(1, 2, 'x', 3, 4)
     595             :  *      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
     596             :  *    File "/home/isidentical/cpython/cpython/t.py", line 2, in add_values
     597             :  *      return a + b + c + d + e
     598             :  *             ~~~~~~^~~
     599             :  *  TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not subscriptable
     600             :  */
     601             : 
     602             : #define IS_WHITESPACE(c) (((c) == ' ') || ((c) == '\t') || ((c) == '\f'))
     603             : 
     604             : static int
     605         328 : extract_anchors_from_expr(const char *segment_str, expr_ty expr, Py_ssize_t *left_anchor, Py_ssize_t *right_anchor,
     606             :                           char** primary_error_char, char** secondary_error_char)
     607             : {
     608         328 :     switch (expr->kind) {
     609          25 :         case BinOp_kind: {
     610          25 :             expr_ty left = expr->v.BinOp.left;
     611          25 :             expr_ty right = expr->v.BinOp.right;
     612          43 :             for (int i = left->end_col_offset; i < right->col_offset; i++) {
     613          43 :                 if (IS_WHITESPACE(segment_str[i])) {
     614          18 :                     continue;
     615             :                 }
     616             : 
     617          25 :                 *left_anchor = i;
     618          25 :                 *right_anchor = i + 1;
     619             : 
     620             :                 // Check whether if this a two-character operator (e.g //)
     621          25 :                 if (i + 1 < right->col_offset && !IS_WHITESPACE(segment_str[i + 1])) {
     622           7 :                     ++*right_anchor;
     623             :                 }
     624             : 
     625             :                 // Set the error characters
     626          25 :                 *primary_error_char = "~";
     627          25 :                 *secondary_error_char = "^";
     628          25 :                 break;
     629             :             }
     630          25 :             return 1;
     631             :         }
     632           4 :         case Subscript_kind: {
     633           4 :             *left_anchor = expr->v.Subscript.value->end_col_offset;
     634           4 :             *right_anchor = expr->v.Subscript.slice->end_col_offset + 1;
     635             : 
     636             :             // Set the error characters
     637           4 :             *primary_error_char = "~";
     638           4 :             *secondary_error_char = "^";
     639           4 :             return 1;
     640             :         }
     641         299 :         default:
     642         299 :             return 0;
     643             :     }
     644             : }
     645             : 
     646             : static int
     647         442 : extract_anchors_from_stmt(const char *segment_str, stmt_ty statement, Py_ssize_t *left_anchor, Py_ssize_t *right_anchor,
     648             :                           char** primary_error_char, char** secondary_error_char)
     649             : {
     650         442 :     switch (statement->kind) {
     651         328 :         case Expr_kind: {
     652         328 :             return extract_anchors_from_expr(segment_str, statement->v.Expr.value, left_anchor, right_anchor,
     653             :                                              primary_error_char, secondary_error_char);
     654             :         }
     655         114 :         default:
     656         114 :             return 0;
     657             :     }
     658             : }
     659             : 
     660             : static int
     661         444 : extract_anchors_from_line(PyObject *filename, PyObject *line,
     662             :                           Py_ssize_t start_offset, Py_ssize_t end_offset,
     663             :                           Py_ssize_t *left_anchor, Py_ssize_t *right_anchor,
     664             :                           char** primary_error_char, char** secondary_error_char)
     665             : {
     666         444 :     int res = -1;
     667         444 :     PyArena *arena = NULL;
     668         444 :     PyObject *segment = PyUnicode_Substring(line, start_offset, end_offset);
     669         444 :     if (!segment) {
     670           0 :         goto done;
     671             :     }
     672             : 
     673         444 :     const char *segment_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(segment);
     674         444 :     if (!segment_str) {
     675           0 :         goto done;
     676             :     }
     677             : 
     678         444 :     arena = _PyArena_New();
     679         444 :     if (!arena) {
     680           0 :         goto done;
     681             :     }
     682             : 
     683         444 :     PyCompilerFlags flags = _PyCompilerFlags_INIT;
     684             : 
     685             :     _PyASTOptimizeState state;
     686         444 :     state.optimize = _Py_GetConfig()->optimization_level;
     687         444 :     state.ff_features = 0;
     688             : 
     689         444 :     mod_ty module = _PyParser_ASTFromString(segment_str, filename, Py_file_input,
     690             :                                             &flags, arena);
     691         444 :     if (!module) {
     692           1 :         goto done;
     693             :     }
     694         443 :     if (!_PyAST_Optimize(module, arena, &state)) {
     695           0 :         goto done;
     696             :     }
     697             : 
     698         443 :     assert(module->kind == Module_kind);
     699         885 :     if (asdl_seq_LEN(module->v.Module.body) == 1) {
     700         442 :         stmt_ty statement = asdl_seq_GET(module->v.Module.body, 0);
     701         442 :         res = extract_anchors_from_stmt(segment_str, statement, left_anchor, right_anchor,
     702             :                                         primary_error_char, secondary_error_char);
     703             :     } else {
     704           1 :         res = 0;
     705             :     }
     706             : 
     707         444 : done:
     708         444 :     if (res > 0) {
     709          29 :         *left_anchor += start_offset;
     710          29 :         *right_anchor += start_offset;
     711             :     }
     712         444 :     Py_XDECREF(segment);
     713         444 :     if (arena) {
     714         444 :         _PyArena_Free(arena);
     715             :     }
     716         444 :     return res;
     717             : }
     718             : 
     719             : #define _TRACEBACK_SOURCE_LINE_INDENT 4
     720             : 
     721             : static inline int
     722         162 : ignore_source_errors(void) {
     723         162 :     if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
     724           1 :         if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt)) {
     725           0 :             return -1;
     726             :         }
     727           1 :         PyErr_Clear();
     728             :     }
     729         162 :     return 0;
     730             : }
     731             : 
     732             : static inline int
     733         473 : print_error_location_carets(PyObject *f, int offset, Py_ssize_t start_offset, Py_ssize_t end_offset,
     734             :                             Py_ssize_t right_start_offset, Py_ssize_t left_end_offset,
     735             :                             const char *primary, const char *secondary) {
     736         473 :     int special_chars = (left_end_offset != -1 || right_start_offset != -1);
     737             :     const char *str;
     738       14506 :     while (++offset <= end_offset) {
     739       14033 :         if (offset <= start_offset || offset > end_offset) {
     740        3491 :             str = " ";
     741       10542 :         } else if (special_chars && left_end_offset < offset && offset <= right_start_offset) {
     742          46 :             str = secondary;
     743             :         } else {
     744       10496 :             str = primary;
     745             :         }
     746       14033 :         if (PyFile_WriteString(str, f) < 0) {
     747           0 :             return -1;
     748             :         }
     749             :     }
     750         473 :     if (PyFile_WriteString("\n", f) < 0) {
     751           0 :         return -1;
     752             :     }
     753         473 :     return 0;
     754             : }
     755             : 
     756             : static int
     757         635 : tb_displayline(PyTracebackObject* tb, PyObject *f, PyObject *filename, int lineno,
     758             :                PyFrameObject *frame, PyObject *name, int margin_indent, const char *margin)
     759             : {
     760         635 :     if (filename == NULL || name == NULL) {
     761           0 :         return -1;
     762             :     }
     763             : 
     764         635 :     if (_Py_WriteIndentedMargin(margin_indent, margin, f) < 0) {
     765           0 :         return -1;
     766             :     }
     767             : 
     768         635 :     PyObject *line = PyUnicode_FromFormat("  File \"%U\", line %d, in %U\n",
     769             :                                           filename, lineno, name);
     770         635 :     if (line == NULL) {
     771           0 :         return -1;
     772             :     }
     773             : 
     774         635 :     int res = PyFile_WriteObject(line, f, Py_PRINT_RAW);
     775         635 :     Py_DECREF(line);
     776         635 :     if (res < 0) {
     777           0 :         return -1;
     778             :     }
     779             : 
     780         635 :     int err = 0;
     781             : 
     782         635 :     int truncation = _TRACEBACK_SOURCE_LINE_INDENT;
     783         635 :     PyObject* source_line = NULL;
     784         635 :     int rc = display_source_line_with_margin(
     785             :             f, filename, lineno, _TRACEBACK_SOURCE_LINE_INDENT,
     786             :             margin_indent, margin, &truncation, &source_line);
     787         635 :     if (rc != 0 || !source_line) {
     788             :         /* ignore errors since we can't report them, can we? */
     789         161 :         err = ignore_source_errors();
     790         161 :         goto done;
     791             :     }
     792             : 
     793         474 :     int code_offset = tb->tb_lasti;
     794         474 :     PyCodeObject* code = frame->f_frame->f_code;
     795             : 
     796             :     int start_line;
     797             :     int end_line;
     798             :     int start_col_byte_offset;
     799             :     int end_col_byte_offset;
     800         474 :     if (!PyCode_Addr2Location(code, code_offset, &start_line, &start_col_byte_offset,
     801             :                               &end_line, &end_col_byte_offset)) {
     802           0 :         goto done;
     803             :     }
     804             : 
     805         474 :     if (start_line < 0 || end_line < 0
     806         474 :         || start_col_byte_offset < 0
     807         473 :         || end_col_byte_offset < 0)
     808             :     {
     809           1 :         goto done;
     810             :     }
     811             : 
     812             :     // When displaying errors, we will use the following generic structure:
     813             :     //
     814             :     //  ERROR LINE ERROR LINE ERROR LINE ERROR LINE ERROR LINE ERROR LINE ERROR LINE
     815             :     //        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
     816             :     //        |              |-> left_end_offset     |                  |-> left_offset
     817             :     //        |-> start_offset                       |-> right_start_offset
     818             :     //
     819             :     // In general we will only have (start_offset, end_offset) but we can gather more information
     820             :     // by analyzing the AST of the text between *start_offset* and *end_offset*. If this succeeds
     821             :     // we could get *left_end_offset* and *right_start_offset* and some selection of characters for
     822             :     // the different ranges (primary_error_char and secondary_error_char). If we cannot obtain the
     823             :     // AST information or we cannot identify special ranges within it, then left_end_offset and
     824             :     // right_end_offset will be set to -1.
     825             : 
     826             :     // Convert the utf-8 byte offset to the actual character offset so we print the right number of carets.
     827         473 :     assert(source_line);
     828         473 :     Py_ssize_t start_offset = _PyPegen_byte_offset_to_character_offset(source_line, start_col_byte_offset);
     829         473 :     if (start_offset < 0) {
     830           0 :         err = ignore_source_errors() < 0;
     831           0 :         goto done;
     832             :     }
     833             : 
     834         473 :     Py_ssize_t end_offset = _PyPegen_byte_offset_to_character_offset(source_line, end_col_byte_offset);
     835         473 :     if (end_offset < 0) {
     836           0 :         err = ignore_source_errors() < 0;
     837           0 :         goto done;
     838             :     }
     839             : 
     840         473 :     Py_ssize_t left_end_offset = -1;
     841         473 :     Py_ssize_t right_start_offset = -1;
     842             : 
     843         473 :     char *primary_error_char = "^";
     844         473 :     char *secondary_error_char = primary_error_char;
     845             : 
     846         473 :     if (start_line == end_line) {
     847         444 :         int res = extract_anchors_from_line(filename, source_line, start_offset, end_offset,
     848             :                                             &left_end_offset, &right_start_offset,
     849             :                                             &primary_error_char, &secondary_error_char);
     850         444 :         if (res < 0 && ignore_source_errors() < 0) {
     851           0 :             goto done;
     852             :         }
     853             :     }
     854             :     else {
     855             :         // If this is a multi-line expression, then we will highlight until
     856             :         // the last non-whitespace character.
     857          29 :         const char *source_line_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(source_line);
     858          29 :         if (!source_line_str) {
     859           0 :             goto done;
     860             :         }
     861             : 
     862          29 :         Py_ssize_t i = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(source_line);
     863          29 :         while (--i >= 0) {
     864          29 :             if (!IS_WHITESPACE(source_line_str[i])) {
     865          29 :                 break;
     866             :             }
     867             :         }
     868             : 
     869          29 :         end_offset = i + 1;
     870             :     }
     871             : 
     872         473 :     if (_Py_WriteIndentedMargin(margin_indent, margin, f) < 0) {
     873           0 :         err = -1;
     874           0 :         goto done;
     875             :     }
     876             : 
     877         473 :     if (print_error_location_carets(f, truncation, start_offset, end_offset,
     878             :                                     right_start_offset, left_end_offset,
     879             :                                     primary_error_char, secondary_error_char) < 0) {
     880           0 :         err = -1;
     881           0 :         goto done;
     882             :     }
     883             : 
     884         473 : done:
     885         635 :     Py_XDECREF(source_line);
     886         635 :     return err;
     887             : }
     888             : 
     889             : static const int TB_RECURSIVE_CUTOFF = 3; // Also hardcoded in traceback.py.
     890             : 
     891             : static int
     892           6 : tb_print_line_repeated(PyObject *f, long cnt)
     893             : {
     894           6 :     cnt -= TB_RECURSIVE_CUTOFF;
     895           6 :     PyObject *line = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
     896             :         (cnt > 1)
     897             :           ? "  [Previous line repeated %ld more times]\n"
     898             :           : "  [Previous line repeated %ld more time]\n",
     899             :         cnt);
     900           6 :     if (line == NULL) {
     901           0 :         return -1;
     902             :     }
     903           6 :     int err = PyFile_WriteObject(line, f, Py_PRINT_RAW);
     904           6 :     Py_DECREF(line);
     905           6 :     return err;
     906             : }
     907             : 
     908             : static int
     909         312 : tb_printinternal(PyTracebackObject *tb, PyObject *f, long limit,
     910             :                  int indent, const char *margin)
     911             : {
     912         312 :     PyCodeObject *code = NULL;
     913         312 :     Py_ssize_t depth = 0;
     914         312 :     PyObject *last_file = NULL;
     915         312 :     int last_line = -1;
     916         312 :     PyObject *last_name = NULL;
     917         312 :     long cnt = 0;
     918         312 :     PyTracebackObject *tb1 = tb;
     919        2921 :     while (tb1 != NULL) {
     920        2609 :         depth++;
     921        2609 :         tb1 = tb1->tb_next;
     922             :     }
     923         315 :     while (tb != NULL && depth > limit) {
     924           3 :         depth--;
     925           3 :         tb = tb->tb_next;
     926             :     }
     927        2918 :     while (tb != NULL) {
     928        2606 :         code = PyFrame_GetCode(tb->tb_frame);
     929        2606 :         if (last_file == NULL ||
     930        2294 :             code->co_filename != last_file ||
     931        2211 :             last_line == -1 || tb->tb_lineno != last_line ||
     932        1988 :             last_name == NULL || code->co_name != last_name) {
     933         618 :             if (cnt > TB_RECURSIVE_CUTOFF) {
     934           5 :                 if (tb_print_line_repeated(f, cnt) < 0) {
     935           0 :                     goto error;
     936             :                 }
     937             :             }
     938         618 :             last_file = code->co_filename;
     939         618 :             last_line = tb->tb_lineno;
     940         618 :             last_name = code->co_name;
     941         618 :             cnt = 0;
     942             :         }
     943        2606 :         cnt++;
     944        2606 :         if (cnt <= TB_RECURSIVE_CUTOFF) {
     945         635 :             if (tb_displayline(tb, f, code->co_filename, tb->tb_lineno,
     946             :                                tb->tb_frame, code->co_name, indent, margin) < 0) {
     947           0 :                 goto error;
     948             :             }
     949             : 
     950         635 :             if (PyErr_CheckSignals() < 0) {
     951           0 :                 goto error;
     952             :             }
     953             :         }
     954        2606 :         Py_CLEAR(code);
     955        2606 :         tb = tb->tb_next;
     956             :     }
     957         312 :     if (cnt > TB_RECURSIVE_CUTOFF) {
     958           1 :         if (tb_print_line_repeated(f, cnt) < 0) {
     959           0 :             goto error;
     960             :         }
     961             :     }
     962         312 :     return 0;
     963           0 : error:
     964           0 :     Py_XDECREF(code);
     965           0 :     return -1;
     966             : }
     967             : 
     968             : #define PyTraceBack_LIMIT 1000
     969             : 
     970             : int
     971         315 : _PyTraceBack_Print_Indented(PyObject *v, int indent, const char *margin,
     972             :                             const char *header_margin, const char *header, PyObject *f)
     973             : {
     974             :     PyObject *limitv;
     975         315 :     long limit = PyTraceBack_LIMIT;
     976             : 
     977         315 :     if (v == NULL) {
     978           0 :         return 0;
     979             :     }
     980         315 :     if (!PyTraceBack_Check(v)) {
     981           0 :         PyErr_BadInternalCall();
     982           0 :         return -1;
     983             :     }
     984         315 :     limitv = PySys_GetObject("tracebacklimit");
     985         315 :     if (limitv && PyLong_Check(limitv)) {
     986             :         int overflow;
     987           8 :         limit = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(limitv, &overflow);
     988           8 :         if (overflow > 0) {
     989           1 :             limit = LONG_MAX;
     990             :         }
     991           7 :         else if (limit <= 0) {
     992           3 :             return 0;
     993             :         }
     994             :     }
     995         312 :     if (_Py_WriteIndentedMargin(indent, header_margin, f) < 0) {
     996           0 :         return -1;
     997             :     }
     998             : 
     999         312 :     if (PyFile_WriteString(header, f) < 0) {
    1000           0 :         return -1;
    1001             :     }
    1002             : 
    1003         312 :     if (tb_printinternal((PyTracebackObject *)v, f, limit, indent, margin) < 0) {
    1004           0 :         return -1;
    1005             :     }
    1006             : 
    1007         312 :     return 0;
    1008             : }
    1009             : 
    1010             : int
    1011          33 : PyTraceBack_Print(PyObject *v, PyObject *f)
    1012             : {
    1013          33 :     int indent = 0;
    1014          33 :     const char *margin = NULL;
    1015          33 :     const char *header_margin = NULL;
    1016          33 :     const char *header = EXCEPTION_TB_HEADER;
    1017             : 
    1018          33 :     return _PyTraceBack_Print_Indented(v, indent, margin, header_margin, header, f);
    1019             : }
    1020             : 
    1021             : /* Format an integer in range [0; 0xffffffff] to decimal and write it
    1022             :    into the file fd.
    1023             : 
    1024             :    This function is signal safe. */
    1025             : 
    1026             : void
    1027          53 : _Py_DumpDecimal(int fd, size_t value)
    1028             : {
    1029             :     /* maximum number of characters required for output of %lld or %p.
    1030             :        We need at most ceil(log10(256)*SIZEOF_LONG_LONG) digits,
    1031             :        plus 1 for the null byte.  53/22 is an upper bound for log10(256). */
    1032             :     char buffer[1 + (sizeof(size_t)*53-1) / 22 + 1];
    1033             :     char *ptr, *end;
    1034             : 
    1035          53 :     end = &buffer[Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer) - 1];
    1036          53 :     ptr = end;
    1037          53 :     *ptr = '\0';
    1038             :     do {
    1039         112 :         --ptr;
    1040         112 :         assert(ptr >= buffer);
    1041         112 :         *ptr = '0' + (value % 10);
    1042         112 :         value /= 10;
    1043         112 :     } while (value);
    1044             : 
    1045          53 :     _Py_write_noraise(fd, ptr, end - ptr);
    1046          53 : }
    1047             : 
    1048             : /* Format an integer as hexadecimal with width digits into fd file descriptor.
    1049             :    The function is signal safe. */
    1050             : void
    1051          16 : _Py_DumpHexadecimal(int fd, uintptr_t value, Py_ssize_t width)
    1052             : {
    1053             :     char buffer[sizeof(uintptr_t) * 2 + 1], *ptr, *end;
    1054          16 :     const Py_ssize_t size = Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer) - 1;
    1055             : 
    1056          16 :     if (width > size)
    1057           0 :         width = size;
    1058             :     /* it's ok if width is negative */
    1059             : 
    1060          16 :     end = &buffer[size];
    1061          16 :     ptr = end;
    1062          16 :     *ptr = '\0';
    1063             :     do {
    1064         256 :         --ptr;
    1065         256 :         assert(ptr >= buffer);
    1066         256 :         *ptr = Py_hexdigits[value & 15];
    1067         256 :         value >>= 4;
    1068         256 :     } while ((end - ptr) < width || value);
    1069             : 
    1070          16 :     _Py_write_noraise(fd, ptr, end - ptr);
    1071          16 : }
    1072             : 
    1073             : void
    1074         106 : _Py_DumpASCII(int fd, PyObject *text)
    1075             : {
    1076         106 :     PyASCIIObject *ascii = _PyASCIIObject_CAST(text);
    1077             :     Py_ssize_t i, size;
    1078             :     int truncated;
    1079             :     int kind;
    1080         106 :     void *data = NULL;
    1081             :     Py_UCS4 ch;
    1082             : 
    1083         106 :     if (!PyUnicode_Check(text))
    1084           0 :         return;
    1085             : 
    1086         106 :     size = ascii->length;
    1087         106 :     kind = ascii->state.kind;
    1088         106 :     if (ascii->state.compact) {
    1089         106 :         if (ascii->state.ascii)
    1090         106 :             data = ascii + 1;
    1091             :         else
    1092           0 :             data = _PyCompactUnicodeObject_CAST(text) + 1;
    1093             :     }
    1094             :     else {
    1095           0 :         data = _PyUnicodeObject_CAST(text)->data.any;
    1096           0 :         if (data == NULL)
    1097           0 :             return;
    1098             :     }
    1099             : 
    1100         106 :     if (MAX_STRING_LENGTH < size) {
    1101           1 :         size = MAX_STRING_LENGTH;
    1102           1 :         truncated = 1;
    1103             :     }
    1104             :     else {
    1105         105 :         truncated = 0;
    1106             :     }
    1107             : 
    1108             :     // Is an ASCII string?
    1109         106 :     if (ascii->state.ascii) {
    1110         106 :         assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
    1111         106 :         char *str = data;
    1112             : 
    1113         106 :         int need_escape = 0;
    1114        1694 :         for (i=0; i < size; i++) {
    1115        1588 :             ch = str[i];
    1116        1588 :             if (!(' ' <= ch && ch <= 126)) {
    1117           0 :                 need_escape = 1;
    1118           0 :                 break;
    1119             :             }
    1120             :         }
    1121         106 :         if (!need_escape) {
    1122             :             // The string can be written with a single write() syscall
    1123         106 :             _Py_write_noraise(fd, str, size);
    1124         106 :             goto done;
    1125             :         }
    1126             :     }
    1127             : 
    1128           0 :     for (i=0; i < size; i++) {
    1129           0 :         ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
    1130           0 :         if (' ' <= ch && ch <= 126) {
    1131             :             /* printable ASCII character */
    1132           0 :             char c = (char)ch;
    1133           0 :             _Py_write_noraise(fd, &c, 1);
    1134             :         }
    1135           0 :         else if (ch <= 0xff) {
    1136           0 :             PUTS(fd, "\\x");
    1137           0 :             _Py_DumpHexadecimal(fd, ch, 2);
    1138             :         }
    1139           0 :         else if (ch <= 0xffff) {
    1140           0 :             PUTS(fd, "\\u");
    1141           0 :             _Py_DumpHexadecimal(fd, ch, 4);
    1142             :         }
    1143             :         else {
    1144           0 :             PUTS(fd, "\\U");
    1145           0 :             _Py_DumpHexadecimal(fd, ch, 8);
    1146             :         }
    1147             :     }
    1148             : 
    1149           0 : done:
    1150         106 :     if (truncated) {
    1151           1 :         PUTS(fd, "...");
    1152             :     }
    1153             : }
    1154             : 
    1155             : /* Write a frame into the file fd: "File "xxx", line xxx in xxx".
    1156             : 
    1157             :    This function is signal safe. */
    1158             : 
    1159             : static void
    1160          53 : dump_frame(int fd, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
    1161             : {
    1162          53 :     PyCodeObject *code = frame->f_code;
    1163          53 :     PUTS(fd, "  File ");
    1164          53 :     if (code->co_filename != NULL
    1165          53 :         && PyUnicode_Check(code->co_filename))
    1166             :     {
    1167          53 :         PUTS(fd, "\"");
    1168          53 :         _Py_DumpASCII(fd, code->co_filename);
    1169          53 :         PUTS(fd, "\"");
    1170             :     } else {
    1171           0 :         PUTS(fd, "???");
    1172             :     }
    1173             : 
    1174          53 :     int lineno = _PyInterpreterFrame_GetLine(frame);
    1175          53 :     PUTS(fd, ", line ");
    1176          53 :     if (lineno >= 0) {
    1177          53 :         _Py_DumpDecimal(fd, (size_t)lineno);
    1178             :     }
    1179             :     else {
    1180           0 :         PUTS(fd, "???");
    1181             :     }
    1182          53 :     PUTS(fd, " in ");
    1183             : 
    1184          53 :     if (code->co_name != NULL
    1185          53 :        && PyUnicode_Check(code->co_name)) {
    1186          53 :         _Py_DumpASCII(fd, code->co_name);
    1187             :     }
    1188             :     else {
    1189           0 :         PUTS(fd, "???");
    1190             :     }
    1191             : 
    1192          53 :     PUTS(fd, "\n");
    1193          53 : }
    1194             : 
    1195             : static void
    1196          24 : dump_traceback(int fd, PyThreadState *tstate, int write_header)
    1197             : {
    1198             :     _PyInterpreterFrame *frame;
    1199             :     unsigned int depth;
    1200             : 
    1201          24 :     if (write_header) {
    1202           8 :         PUTS(fd, "Stack (most recent call first):\n");
    1203             :     }
    1204             : 
    1205          24 :     frame = tstate->cframe->current_frame;
    1206          24 :     if (frame == NULL) {
    1207           2 :         PUTS(fd, "  <no Python frame>\n");
    1208           2 :         return;
    1209             :     }
    1210             : 
    1211          22 :     depth = 0;
    1212             :     while (1) {
    1213          53 :         if (MAX_FRAME_DEPTH <= depth) {
    1214           0 :             PUTS(fd, "  ...\n");
    1215           0 :             break;
    1216             :         }
    1217          53 :         dump_frame(fd, frame);
    1218          53 :         frame = frame->previous;
    1219          53 :         if (frame == NULL) {
    1220          22 :             break;
    1221             :         }
    1222          31 :         depth++;
    1223             :     }
    1224             : }
    1225             : 
    1226             : /* Dump the traceback of a Python thread into fd. Use write() to write the
    1227             :    traceback and retry if write() is interrupted by a signal (failed with
    1228             :    EINTR), but don't call the Python signal handler.
    1229             : 
    1230             :    The caller is responsible to call PyErr_CheckSignals() to call Python signal
    1231             :    handlers if signals were received. */
    1232             : void
    1233           8 : _Py_DumpTraceback(int fd, PyThreadState *tstate)
    1234             : {
    1235           8 :     dump_traceback(fd, tstate, 1);
    1236           8 : }
    1237             : 
    1238             : /* Write the thread identifier into the file 'fd': "Current thread 0xHHHH:\" if
    1239             :    is_current is true, "Thread 0xHHHH:\n" otherwise.
    1240             : 
    1241             :    This function is signal safe. */
    1242             : 
    1243             : static void
    1244          16 : write_thread_id(int fd, PyThreadState *tstate, int is_current)
    1245             : {
    1246          16 :     if (is_current)
    1247           5 :         PUTS(fd, "Current thread 0x");
    1248             :     else
    1249          11 :         PUTS(fd, "Thread 0x");
    1250          16 :     _Py_DumpHexadecimal(fd,
    1251             :                         tstate->thread_id,
    1252             :                         sizeof(unsigned long) * 2);
    1253          16 :     PUTS(fd, " (most recent call first):\n");
    1254          16 : }
    1255             : 
    1256             : /* Dump the traceback of all Python threads into fd. Use write() to write the
    1257             :    traceback and retry if write() is interrupted by a signal (failed with
    1258             :    EINTR), but don't call the Python signal handler.
    1259             : 
    1260             :    The caller is responsible to call PyErr_CheckSignals() to call Python signal
    1261             :    handlers if signals were received. */
    1262             : const char*
    1263          18 : _Py_DumpTracebackThreads(int fd, PyInterpreterState *interp,
    1264             :                          PyThreadState *current_tstate)
    1265             : {
    1266             :     PyThreadState *tstate;
    1267             :     unsigned int nthreads;
    1268             : 
    1269          18 :     if (current_tstate == NULL) {
    1270             :         /* _Py_DumpTracebackThreads() is called from signal handlers by
    1271             :            faulthandler.
    1272             : 
    1273             :            SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGABRT, SIGBUS and SIGILL are synchronous signals
    1274             :            and are thus delivered to the thread that caused the fault. Get the
    1275             :            Python thread state of the current thread.
    1276             : 
    1277             :            PyThreadState_Get() doesn't give the state of the thread that caused
    1278             :            the fault if the thread released the GIL, and so
    1279             :            _PyThreadState_GET() cannot be used. Read the thread specific
    1280             :            storage (TSS) instead: call PyGILState_GetThisThreadState(). */
    1281          13 :         current_tstate = PyGILState_GetThisThreadState();
    1282             :     }
    1283             : 
    1284          18 :     if (interp == NULL) {
    1285           7 :         if (current_tstate == NULL) {
    1286           4 :             interp = _PyGILState_GetInterpreterStateUnsafe();
    1287           4 :             if (interp == NULL) {
    1288             :                 /* We need the interpreter state to get Python threads */
    1289           4 :                 return "unable to get the interpreter state";
    1290             :             }
    1291             :         }
    1292             :         else {
    1293           3 :             interp = current_tstate->interp;
    1294             :         }
    1295             :     }
    1296          14 :     assert(interp != NULL);
    1297             : 
    1298             :     /* Get the current interpreter from the current thread */
    1299          14 :     tstate = PyInterpreterState_ThreadHead(interp);
    1300          14 :     if (tstate == NULL)
    1301           0 :         return "unable to get the thread head state";
    1302             : 
    1303             :     /* Dump the traceback of each thread */
    1304          14 :     tstate = PyInterpreterState_ThreadHead(interp);
    1305          14 :     nthreads = 0;
    1306             :     _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
    1307             :     do
    1308             :     {
    1309          16 :         if (nthreads != 0)
    1310           2 :             PUTS(fd, "\n");
    1311          16 :         if (nthreads >= MAX_NTHREADS) {
    1312           0 :             PUTS(fd, "...\n");
    1313           0 :             break;
    1314             :         }
    1315          16 :         write_thread_id(fd, tstate, tstate == current_tstate);
    1316          16 :         if (tstate == current_tstate && tstate->interp->gc.collecting) {
    1317           0 :             PUTS(fd, "  Garbage-collecting\n");
    1318             :         }
    1319          16 :         dump_traceback(fd, tstate, 0);
    1320          16 :         tstate = PyThreadState_Next(tstate);
    1321          16 :         nthreads++;
    1322          16 :     } while (tstate != NULL);
    1323             :     _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
    1324             : 
    1325          14 :     return NULL;
    1326             : }
    1327             : 

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